Anatomia comparada do esqueleto da cabeça e da musculatura da mastigação de Anodorhynchus Spix, 1824, Ara Lacépède, 1799, Diopsittaca Ridgway, 1912, Prophyrrura Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920 e Orthopsittaca Ridgway, 1912 (Aves: Psittaciformes: Arinae)

Abstract

The skull and the mastigatory muscles from Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus was described and compared with Anodorhynchus leari, Ara, Diopsittaca, Orthopsittaca e Propyrrhura. Others genus from Psittaciformes were included in the analysis in order to fill out hiatus in the knowledge about the head of this Order. In all, 152 specimens of differents genus from Psittaciformes had the skull studed and 56 specimens had examineted both the muscles of the head and the skull. The mains outcomes reach were: the presence of a condyles (condylus craniofacialis) in the craniofacialis sinovial articulation is exclusive from Anodorhynchus, Ara, Orthopsittaca, Propyrrhura, Aratinga, Amazona, Diopsittaca e Deroptyus; the short maxillar processus of the palatine bone, the long ventral face of the maxilla and the ventral blade of the paraoccipital processus ventromedially inclinede, are features from Anodorhynchus, Ara, Orthopsittaca, Propyrrhura, Aratinga, Diopsittaca e Deroptyus. Anodorhynchus, Ara, Orthopsittaca e Propyrrhura exhibit the pterigoide processus obtuse and short; Ara e Anodorhynchus exhibit the condyles craniofacialis well developed, occuping about 1/3 of the maxilla edge, and the m. ethmomandibularis with two heads; Ara, Orthopsittaca e Propyrrhura are unique by the presence one par of tubercles at nasal face of maxilla. Diopsittaca e Aratinga are unique by the nasal processus of the maxilla roughly triangular with apex ventromedially bent; Anodorhynchus could be recognized by the suborbital ring incomplete and by the absence of the dentiform processus from maxilla; Ara could be recognized by the well developed bula at nasal face of ectethmoid. Psittaciformes exhibit the unique following features: medial cotylo of quadrate bone elongated and convex; caudal quadrate-mandibular juncture absent; lateral quadrade-mandibule juncture formed by a plane sinovial juncture; basipterigoyde processus of pterygoide and vomer absent; rostrum mandibular shows a fovea to insertion of m. genioglossus; maxilla has a groove that look likes a Y; palatine bone robust, ventrocaudally bent, with the body dorsoventrally widely; replacing of craniofacialis flexone zone by a true sinovial juncture; muscle depressor mandibulae divided in pars lateralis and pars medialis; muscle protractor pterygoidei et quadrati with inserction at quadrate bone, by no at pterygoide bone; muscle pseudotemporalis profundus absent; muscle adductor mandibulae externus pars rostralis without orbitalis division; presence of m. ethmomandibularis; m. pterygoideus dorsalis lateraris ventre externus with inserction at lateral face of the mandibulae. The outcome achieved clarify discording accounts about homology of bones and muscles from Psittaciformes head; become available a list of features with taxonomic and sistematic value in differents nivels of universality; and permited to conclud that the unique features exclusivas from Psittaciformes head are relateds to inovations of mandibular apparatus. It become adapted to break hard seeds, proportioning the evolutive success of Pisttaciformes.