A Razão Prática no pensamento de Immanuel Kant e a relação com a práxis humana

Abstract

The purpose of this dissertation is to discuss the main elements that make up practical reason in Immanuel Kant and its relationship with human práxis. This objective is necessary in the face of criticism that seeks to present the Kantian moral discourse from the ideas of formalization without matter or from an excessive rigor. In an attempt to make a more accurate understanding of Kant’s practical reason statements, we will divide this research into three parts. At first, we will analyze, in detail, the main elements and assertions present in the Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals (FMC, 1785). The aim of this objective is to constitute the architecture of Kant’s practical reason, highlighting its main notions. Among them, we can mention: the notion of goodwill as the foundation of the “popular moral philosophy” and the idea of duty, the development of the notion of law through the imperatives and, finally, the notion of freedom, considered as a constituent foundation of use practical. For the German philosopher, the imperatives are subdivided into two groups: on the one hand we have the Hypothetical Imperatives (IH) and, on the other hand, we find the Categorical Imperative (CI). Thus, based on this assumption, after a brief initial distinction between the commandments used to present the law, we will discuss, in a second moment, about the CI and its reformulations, as well as we will try to highlight the relationship between the practical rule of duty and human práxis. Finally, in a third moment, keeping as purpose the importance of understanding, based on the unity of reason, the uses in which it presents itself, we will reflect on freedom, as this concept is essential for our discussion. To achieve our purpose, we will use as a basis authors who corroborate and defend the need for clarification of the positions assumed by Kant throughout his works. Among the main ones, we will highlight the contributions offered by Allen Wood and Henry Allison, authors who build their reflections showing the need to understand the proximity of practical reason with empirical world, and Otfried Höffe and Paul Guyer who, like the previous ones, allow us to understand the practical use in a different way from the one that it is commonly presented to us. Finally, we hope that these enlightenments will help us to perceive, from another perspective, the postulates used by the German philosopher in the architectural construction of his system.