Morcegos (Mammalia; Chiroptera) de áreas nativas e áreas reflorestadas com Araucaria angustifolia, Pinus taeda e Eucalyptus spp. na Klabin - Telêmaco Borba, Paraná, Brasil

Abstract

Nowadays, Brazil has 5,74 million hectares of reforestations, including pines, eucalyptus, araucaria and other species. The first chapter aims to contribute for the knowledge on the diversity, similarity and richness of bats species using reforestations formed by Araucaria, Pine and Eucalyptus. For so much, studies were developed in native areas and reforested in Monte Alegre Farm owned by Klabin Coorp., located in Telêmaco Borba, Paraná. The reforestations form a mosaic with the fragments of native forest. The field activities were accomplished in two stages, in two native area of the Ecological Park (Nativa-1 and 2) and in a reforestations with Araucaria, Pine and Eucalyptus. At the end of the collections 673 bats were captured in a total of 20 species distributed in three Families: Phyllostomidae (11 species), Molossidae (1) and Vespertilionidae (8), being 142 individuals from Nativa-1 with 16 species, 143 of the Araucaria with 13 species, 196 from Nativa-2 with 12 species, 106 from Pine with 13 species and 86 from the Eucalyptus with 11 species. In the 20 registered species, seven were new occurrences, elevating for 24 the number of species of bats for the area. Sturnira lilium went to more frequent species in all the areas proceeded by A. lituratus and C. perspicillata. The indexes of diversity of Shannon, Simpson 1-D and Margalef indicated for Nativa-1 as an area of larger diversity and the Eucalyptus with the smallest diversity. There were significant differences in the diversity indexes among the areas. A difference was not observed in the diversity among the reforested areas (Araucaria x Pine and enter Pine x Eucalyptus). The indexes of similarity of Jaccard and Sorenson aimed a larger similarity among Araucaria x Pine and Pine x Eucalyptus, the smallest similarity was already among the two native areas with the Eucalyptus. The statistical models for wealth of species they esteem 29 species of bats for the area of Klabin. According to the estimates we can add two missing species for Nativa-1 and Araucaria, seven for to Nativa-2 and 5- 10 species for the Eucalyptus. The second chapter aims to the contributing for the knowledge on the alimentary habits, the reproductive cycle of the bats in areas of reforestations formed with Araucaria, Pines and Eucalyptus besides evaluating the rates of the recapture in the reforestations, being observed acts as biological runners and how they contribute for the conservation of the bats. Of the 673 captured bats, it was obtained a total of 347 feces samples and 20 alimentary items, distributed in five vegetable families with 13 species (n = 272), 3 orders of insects (n = 60), one sample of digested blood and 14 vegetable samples not identified. In the total of feces samples, 13,5% were coming from Nativa-1, 17,6% from the Araucaria, 33,1% from Nativa-2, 20,2% from Pine and 15,6% from the Eucalyptus. Test t applied to the diversity indexes Shannon for the alimentary items observed in the five areas indicated that in the reforested areas (Pine x Eucalyptus and Pine x Araucaria) there are significant differences in the food offered to the bats, while among native and reforested areas there are not differences. The number of trophic guilds varied among the studied areas, where seven guilds were observed in Nativa-1, three in Nativa-2, and four in the other areas. About the alimentary items of vegetable origin, the more consumed was Solanaceae and Piperaceae respectively with 36% and 25,9% of the feces samples, proceeded by Moraceae with 7,2% and Cecropiaceae with 5,8%. The insects (17%) the more consumed were Coleoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera. About 80% of the feces samples they were coming from S. lilium, A. lituratus and C. perspicillata. The presence of pregnant females presented significant correlation with the temperature (rs = 0,8313; p = 0,0008). The most favorable periods of the reproduction of S. lilium and A. lituratus were the Autumn (March and April) and in Spring and Summer (since September to February). The pick in the number of pregnant of S. lilium and lactating of A. lituratus happened in January. The other species, in spite of the little captures, presented pregnant females in the hottest periods of the year. The number of pregnant females was larger in reforested areas than in native ones. The percentage of the recaptures registered for Nativa-2 was larger than in the reforested areas. The low rate of the bats recaptures indicates that in Klabin the species of bats are dispersed in great areas for the food searching, mainly in areas of native forest. The low number of recapture in Pine and Eucalyptus doesn't allow to affirm that the reforestation areas are used as a biological corridor, but the bats can also use the reforestations as areas for foraging sees that half of the captured specimens and 53% of the feces samples were coming from the reforested areas, indicating the importance of those areas in the conservation of the bats.