Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos e Modos Esquemáticos em mulheres vítimas de violência doméstica

Abstract

Violence against women is a social phenomenon that occurs in all classes and age groups, presenting itself in different ways and manifesting a structuring factor of gender inequalities. For a long time, this type of violence was protected by principles of the inviolability of private life, but, through feminist movements, the theme gained public and collective dimension. The data on domestic violence in Brazil are alarming and, with the advent of social isolation due to the new coronavirus pandemic, the rates have worsened even more. This research sought to understand the phenomenon of domestic violence against women from the Schema Theory and its concepts on Maladaptive Initial Schemas and Schematic Modes. In this conception, the initial experiences with caregivers and other significant figures for the child's development will influence future relationships and will be models for new relationships. The main objective of this study was to identify Maladaptive Initial Schemes and Schematic Modes in a sample of 20 women victims of domestic violence assisted in equipment specialized in assisting women in situations of violence in Baixada Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro. The research was carried out under the methodological perspective of Ecological Insertion. The findings were analyzed in two stages: the first with the collection of quantitative data, based on the Questionnaires of Schemes, Inventories of Modes and sociodemographic data from the interviews; the second, through the investigation and study of qualitative data from interviews and field observations, through content analysis. The results showed the activation of Maladaptive Initial Schemes, mainly in the first domain (Disconnection and Rejection) and in the fourth (Direction towards the other), as schemes that increase women's vulnerability to domestic violence. Violence in the context of the family of origin was also presented as a risk factor for the formation of Maladaptive Initial Schemes and for the maintenance of this phenomenon in future generations. The dysfunctional coping modes in the sample of women were complacent surrendering and disconnected self-comforting, with demanding parents, happy children and healthy adults also appearing.