Educação em disputa: uma análise sobre os conflitos decorrentes da reforma do ensino médio no Brasil sob o prisma do modelo de coalizões de defesa

Abstract

Public educational policies have extreme relevance to the States in their quest for national development. In Brazil, this importance is denoted by the Constitution (article 6), which, defines the subject as a fundamental right. Because of their relevance, several actors are focused on the field seeking to establish their proposals, in which they believe — based on their own premises — to contain the means to solve the challenges found in the reality. The plays of these actors aim to ensure that their beliefs are accepted as the most appropriate reading of reality. However, the diversity of actors also guarantees a diversity of positions, which, in turn, leads to various political and ideological conflicts. Since the Brazilian colonial period, the area of education is marked by intense and constant conflicts between divergent worldviews that depart from different groups working in the field. Reaffirming this conflictive configuration, in 2016, with the promulgation of the Reform of High School by Provisional Measure 746/2016 and, after a few changes, promulgated definitively by Law 13.415/17, a wave of debates and protests was formed in society. In view of this plot and its relevance, it was proposed to prepare this study in order to answer the following question: how did the main disputes between the actors involved with the discussion of the Reform of High School in Brazil? The main objective of the research was to analyze these disputes through the identification of the most relevant aspects of the discussion, the description of the actors involved, the analysis of the coalitions formed, the power resources used by them and the understanding of the dynamics of the conflicts between them. In order to base these analyzes, the Advocacy Coalitions Framework was used, whose main focus is the understanding of the political process through the analysis of the interaction of different actors, grouped in coalitions, who, based on their beliefs, seek to influence decisions about a certain topic. A qualitative, analytical study was carried out. Data were collected through documentary research and simple observation. To analyze them, use was made of content analysis. From the results, it was possible to clarify the dynamics of the disputes between the actors, which were divided between: pro-reform coalition and anti-reform coalition. After the analysis process, it was concluded that the main points of divergence that fomented clashes between the coalitions were: the fact that it was promulgated by a provisional measure, which accelerated and limited the wide debate and the possibility of participation of more actors in the discussion; the lack of concrete budget planning for the implementation of the changes proposed therein; the difference of priorities of problems between the coalitions etc. Although the Reform has already been promulgated and the changes that have already been promoted in practice, it is concluded that, due to the range of actors opposed to it, united in the composition of the anti-reform coalition, and the resources that these actors have, the implementation certainly will not occur free of conflicts