Sigatoka negra (Pseudocercospora fijiensis): perspectivas no manejo da cultura da banana (Musa spp.) sob a ótica agroecológica, o estado da arte

Abstract

The banana is the most popular and most consumed fruit in Brazil. Banana has economic importance and represents a source of food for the most vulnerable social classes. Banana cultivation in the world has been affected by a complex of leaf diseases known as Sigatokas, since 1902. Among the agents of this complex, Sigatoka Negra, caused by Pseudocercospora fijiensis, is known to be the most severe in certain conditions and had a wide range dispersion throughout the world, being present in almost all producing regions, with the exception of Australia, which has had a successful case in containing the progress of the disease and returning the status to a pathogen-free area. In the American continent, it has been identified since 1972, departing from Honduras, and arriving in Brazil in 1998, where it was described for the first time in the State of Amazonas. The biological behavior of the etiological agent is described in this work, presenting the symptoms it causes, as well as the best conditions for its development, and also the necessary attention to ecological variables in the crop's production system. The characterization of the pathosystem, based on the broadening of the host range for the pathogen, is also described. In this literature review, the management of the disease in the banana crop is then described based on research works carried out around the world, where the most current practices, from an agroecological perspective for the conduct of the crop are then presented. Thus, the use of resistant cultivars, the effects of agroecological practices on crop development, such as the induction of systemic resistance, non-host resistance, the effects of physical and chemical barriers, in addition to the types of fast active defenses and delayed active defenses are addressed. The following are also described in this review work: crop management in an agroforestry system, where the mechanisms of regulation by plant richness on Black Sigatoka and all the positive effect of diversity on the resistance of Musa spp.. plants are reported. The effect of the controlled practice of defoliation in the banana crop is related as an efficient management technique in reducing the source and dispersion of inoculums in the crop. A description of the use and results obtained, with the use of the product prepared based on natural oil derived from Melaleuca alternifolia on banana leaves and its curative capacity on advanced stages of the disease, in addition to the description of some uses of some microbial biological control agents (MBCAs), such as Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus tequilensis EA-CB0015 and Bacillus pumilus CCIBP-C5, are part of this work.