Biologia de Califorídeos (Diptera): fotoresposta, parasitismo e controle

Abstract

Calliphorids are insects of medical-sanitary i and forensic entomology, contributing mainly to estimate the minimum post mortem interval. Therefore, studies on population dynamics under different abiotic conditions, as well as investigations on diperan control are very important. This study was divided into four chapters that approached the subject from different perspectives. The first two chapters are related to post-embryonic development of Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya albiceps submitted to different photoperiods (L0:D24, L12:D12, L16:D8, L24:D0). These species responded differently, however both species had a faster development for the different stages and their viabilities were higher in the 24h scotophase ( 24 hours of darkness) when compared to the other photoperiods. There was a trend for deceleration of the development as the photophase increased and it was evident for the larval stage of the both species. However, in C. albiceps was more pronouced for newly- larvae hatched to adult period, presenting a difference of up to four days between the shorter photophase (L0:D24) and the longer photophase (L24:D0). The total period of development of C. megacephala was shorter when the 24hscotophase was compared to the others. Therefore, it was possible to infer that the different photoperiods presented a circadian rhythm of emergence with distinct daily emergence rate, suggesting that this phenomenon was primarily regulated by an endogenous circadian clock, even if they presented modulations by photophases. In the third chapter, the aim was to investigate the biological aspects of Nasonia vitripennis (Pteromalidae) when the female explored hosts buried at different depths ranging from 0.0 to 5.0 cm at 0.5 cm intervals, for two periods of exposition: 24 and 48h. It was observed that two factors, period of exposition and pupation depths, caused differences in the parasitoid progeny and had a relation of dependence. For the group exposed for 48h, the pupae were parasitized only when buried up to 2.0 cm depth, however, for the group exposed for 72h, the parasitic capacity of parasitoids reached pupae buried up to 3.0 cm deep. The group exposed for 48h had a decreasing number of female emerged per pupae as the depth increased. This trend was not observed for the group exposed for 72h. The number of male emerged per pupae did not differ among the depths and periods of expositions. The sex deviation was higher for female for both exposure periods and for all depths. In the fourth chapter was the effect of a cornoside extracte from Parahancornia amapa (Apocynaceae) on post-embryonic development of Chrysomya putoria and progeny of N. vitripennis was investigated. The larval weigh and post-embryonic developmental period of C. putoria were not affected, with exception for the pupal development that was slower with the treatment with 5% cornosideo when compared to the control (distilled water). The newly-hatched larvae to adult period presented a viability of around 60 % for boths treatments. In relation to to the effect of the cornosideo on progeny of the parasitoids the following parameters were analysed: number of parasitoids emerged per pupae, sex ratio and developmental period. None of these were affected in comparison to the control group. The lack of effect of 5% cornoside on calliphorid flies may be a negative aspect when control is being concerned. However the lack of effect on the parasitoid, used as natural controllers of calliphoridas, is a